秋 | qiū

In Mandarin Chinese, 秋 (Pinyin: qiū 🔊) is a noun that means “autumn”, “harvest time” and, by extension, “year”, “period”, “time”. For example, 千秋 qiānqiū means “a thousand years” (and, figuratively, “a long time”). 秋 is found in many interesting compound words and expressions including

• 春 + 秋 = 春秋 (chūnqiū): literally, “spring and autumn” but figuratively a year, year’s time, person’s age, time in general...
• 中 + 秋 + 节 = 中秋节 (zhōngqiūjié): Mid-Autumn Festival
• 一 + 日 + 三 + 秋 = 一日三秋 (yīrìsānqiū): “a single day apart seems like three years”
• 春 + 花 + 秋 + 月 = 春花秋月 (chūnhuāqiūyuè), from the last poem by Li Yu: “the flowers of spring and the autumn moons”; a metaphor for a wonderful time spent in a beautiful location

秋 is an ideogrammic compound of 禾 “grain” and 火 “fire”. According to engYes,

In autumn, the Ancient Chinese would burn the fields to kill the locust eggs, in order to prevent them from eating the crops the following year.

Lawrence J. Howell in his Etymological Dictionary of Han/Chinese Characters provides rather different explanation:

The relevant oracle bone form of this character is 禾 grain/rice + 束 bundle → bundle and compact/shrink harvested crops in autumn/fall. The character was later reinterpreted, as shown by a seal inscription form that is 禾 plus an element combining 火 fire and 龜 turtle → dry and shrink the size of harvested crops (as turtle meat is dried over a fire; compare 焦). The present form repositions 禾 and 火 while eliminating 龜. Note also the variant form 龝, which combines 禾 and 龜.

More photos related to autumn and sea glass @ Shutterstock.

夏 | xià

In Mandarin Chinese, 夏 (Pinyin: xià 🔊) means “summer”. There are other, mostly obsolete, meanings of this word. Just to be sure that they are really talking about summertime, the Chinese use compounds with 季 “season”, 夏季 (xiàjì), or 天 “day”, 夏天 (xiàtiān). Some other compound words of 夏 include

• 夏 + 仲 = 仲夏 (zhòngxià): midsummer
• 夏 + 历 / 曆 = 夏历 / 夏曆 (xiàlì): Chinese calendar
• 金 + 春 + 沙 = 金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā): purely phonetic rendering of Kinshasa (the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)

With ten strokes, 夏 is the most complex hanzi of the four seasons. According to Wiktionary, it all started with

an ideogrammic compound: 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) — man under the scorching sun; summer.

A number of modifications ensued until the character reached its current shape.

More photos related to summer and sea glass @ Shutterstock.

季 | jì

In Mandarin Chinese, 季 (Pinyin: jì 🔊) is a noun that means “quarter of a year” or “season”. 四季 (sìjì), naturally, refers to four seasons, i.e. 春 (spring), 夏 (summer), 秋 (autumn) and 冬 (winter). Some other compound words of 季 include

• 季 + 风 = 季风 (jìfēng 🔊): monsoon
• 雨 + 季 = 雨季 (yǔjì): rainy season
• 花 + 季 = 花季 (huājì): the flower of one’s youth
• 月 + 季 = 月季 (yuèjì): China rose (Rosa chinensis)

According to Wiktionary, 季 is an ideogrammic compound of 禾 “grain” and 子 “a child”, “a seed” etc.

More photos related to rice, cereals, grains and sea glass @ Shutterstock.

春 | chūn

In Mandarin Chinese, 春 (Pinyin: chūn 🔊) is a noun that means “spring season” as well as “vitality”, “energy”, “life”, “lust”, “passion”, “sexual desire” — many things that are associated with springtime. Some interesting compound words of 春 include

• 春 + 节 = 春节 (chūnjié): “Spring Festival” (Chinese New Year)
• 小 + 春 = 小春 (xiǎochūn): literally, “little spring” but in fact early autumn, Indian summer
• 春 + 风 = 春风 (chūnfēng): literally, “spring breeze” but also figuratively “favour”, “grace”, “education”, “teaching”, “guidance” and, you may have guessed, “lovemaking”

春 is a phono-semantic compound of semantic 日 “sun”, semantic 艸 “grass” and phonetic 屯 (tún). In some historical forms of this character one can clearly see all three components. According to Wiktionary,

The character 春 itself is probably a variant of 屯 as they are equivalent for the meaning “spring” in Old Chinese literature.

More photos related to spring and sea glass @ Shutterstock.

冬 | dōng

In Mandarin Chinese, 冬 (Pinyin: dōng 🔊) is a noun that means “winter”. 冬 is also an alternative form of 咚, an onomatopoeic word that could be translated as “rat-a-tat-tat” (if it is a repeating sound like knocking on a door) or “bang”, “boom”, “thud”, “thump” (if it is a sound of something falling).

As for the origin of 冬, Lawrence J. Howell in his Etymological Dictionary of Han/Chinese Characters provides the following explanation:

Originally, a depiction of food tied to a cord that winds about a peg. A seal inscription form adds 氷 <he must have meant 仌> ice → winter (season when preserved / stored food is consumed). Compare 蓄.

More photos related to winter, ice and sea glass @ Shutterstock.